An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essays

An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essays An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essay An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essay Encounters with Mark Rothkos Light red over black (1957) Mark Rothko, Light red over black 1957. In this essay I will explore Light red over black (1957) by Mark Rothko. Although apparently simple, infact shows a wonderfully complex process of thought and throughout this essay I will interpret and get a better understanding of Rothkos intention and meaning. Filled with shades of red, the upper part of the painting comes to create a strong opposition with the black area below it, itself encircled by a darker red. This painting consisting of three floating rectangles in various colour combinations, creates a sombre mood conducive to spiritual contemplation. With the use of Rothkos saturated colours the viewers are moved and as ones eye adjust to the light that the painting emits. The colour field, I feel, embraces the mind, and the palettes warm variety of tones mesmerises. Further analysing this painting, the two darker oblongs appear like two openings in the centre of the painting, creating a sense of freedom. Conveyed in this painting is a sense that the oblongs are two openings in the centre of the picture, as the two darker rectangles are much more prominent in relation to the red tones. When first encountering this piece I questionned perhaps whether these oblongs were openings or whether in fact they were floating on the surface. In many respects it reminded me of of a stained-glass windows, except that there is no pattern or decoration. However, through its title, Light red over black it seemed that perhaps Mark Rothko wanted the red to be more of a protrusive focus. However, with such contrasting colours it is definitely the black and dark blue that strick as the main aspect of this painting for me. On a chronological outlook, the shades from the upper half, the lighter red, move slowly downwards to a much darker colour. This could possibly be perceived as a means of human life, which has been said that Rothko tried to aim for TESHUVA, 2003:45 , the lighter red being an earlier life time ending with the black as the end of it evoking an endless enthrall. It is, in my belief, the energy that comes off this painting is a result of Rothkos spontaneity nd improvising. Like many of Rothkos work, Light red over Black made in 1957 was created on canvas using the material, oils. Rothkos techniques added further importance to the attraction of this piece. Rothko applied paint very thinly with sponges and cloths to avoid leaving any visible brushstrokes. (Auping, Karnes, Thistlewaite, 2002:286) Despite Rothko having the result of a controlled perspective, the edges of the rectangles are indistinct. The edges of the shapes are soft and blurred , and contributes to their ambiguity. It seems that rothko wanted us to think only about colours and the moods they create, not about himself. This concept demonstrates what Rothko aimed at, the aspect of colour-field painting. Light red over black takes the format of a pulsating rectangle with a vertical format, and is large in scale taking the dimensions of 2306 x 1527 x 38 mm. Rothko explained that the shapes in which he painted have no direct association with any particular visible experience, but in them one recognises the principles and passions or organisms. studio-international. co. uk/archive2/causey_1972_183_943a. sp Furthermore, the development of Rothkos work from surrealism to abstract interested me, interlinked with his change in the use of his colours over his artistic lifetime . After 1957, in which this painting was created, Rothkos choice of colours tended to adopt a darker palette using more darker browns and blacks, which can be emphasised in the contrasting colour of red and black in this painting. (Comparision between earlier works to his latter works) When first encountered with this painting, I believed that Rothkos work had moved away from more representational objects and moved more into the form of colour of abstract art. Although Rothkos use of colours, varying in only 2 shades of red, blue and black, they juxtapose together creating a deeper meaning to his paintings and questions the viewer to create their own theories on how to interpret the mood. Jacob Baal-Teshova wrote Rothko always resisted attempts to interpret his paintings. He was mainly concerned with the viewers experience TESHUVA, 2003: 7 , and in contrast to this, the independant wrote, Its too focused on the hit it will give its audience. It simply doesnt have enough world in it to be worthwhile art, enough complication, contingency, resistance, negotiation, argument – and abstract art can have these things as much as any other. THE INDEPENDANT: 2008 I first encountered Rothkos work at the Tate Modern gallery in London in 2008. When first examining his works, including other famous paintings such as Mural for End Wall it struck me as a simplistic style, yet with its luminous rectangles and saturated colour, a sense of mystery was conveyed in a modern era. Moreover, on cream idilic walls, Light red over black automatically illuminated from the walls in deep dark red, blues and blacks which led me to interpret his work as profoundly imbued with an emotional content that he articulated through a range of styles that had evolved from figurative to abstract. Furthermore, when examining this painting up close, the application of what seemed to be very thing layers of paint over each other, allowed the colours to radiate through, creating a sense of drama and light, despite the colours being much darker than others Id seen in the gallery. Suggested towards the latter part of his life, and through his means of depression, I first interpreted his work as a form of expression, which emplyed shimmering colour to convey a sense of spirtuality. However, after research it is perhaps more profound to say that this painting has a sense of depression with connotations of the red and black insinuating death, a mood of sadness, something Rothko was suffering from. HARRISON, 2003:230 The emphasis of his paintings are highlighted of course not only in colours but in its size. When visiting the Tate modern, it was the pure size of these images that drew me in,with a seperate room in which to display Rothkos work. Rothko I believe, intended his paintings to be seen up close so that the viewer could appreciate and be enveloped by the paintings colour aura. The function of such a large painting was perhaps precisely because he wanted to be very intimate and relate it to human life itself and to his audience. The feeling of such an overwhelming large piece of art not only inspired but led ways to interpret why this size had been used. If for example, Rothko had created these pieces on a smaller scale the simplistic outlook on them, I feel would have been lost. What struck me most about Light red over black was the difference in his early works. Rothko was known for his use of expressionist landscapes, genre scenes, and still lifes. However, it was soon emphasised that artists could not longer merely copy photos or images to due the ever expanding artistic changes. Redundant, Rothko, and many other artists discussed conceptual changes and with this promoted the idea of using colour as a means to establish a relationship between the artist and the viewers. This influence, occuring early in the 1950s, led artists like Rothko to begin painting an entire canvas one colour. Moreover, the influence of World War II led many European artists to emigrate to the United States, including those associated with the surrealist movement. Sharma, 2006:35 They were a major influence on Rothko who began to attempt to apply theories on the collective unconscious to his work, and he started to orient his art toward a more abstract style and bring his colours to darker tones. In my opinion it was the events occuring in World War II that evidently influenced abstract art and artists to experiment with exploring the connection between forms and colours. While the population visually saw colours simply on a canvas it was Rothkos eternal interest in the human figure, character and emotions which led him to express himself indivually. Rothko believed, â€Å"The most interesting painting is one that expresses more of what one thinks than of what one sees. (Breslin, 1993:261)

Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media

Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media Culture erosion is all about a people’s culture getting washed away and forgotten while a new culture is being picked up and practiced by that group of people (Glassner 2005). To a large extent through time, the world realizes that some practices that are distinct to a group of people are dropped as time goes by and it is realized that, that same group of people gets to practice activities that they get exposed to.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To a large extent it can be said that the media has got a very big role that it plays in culture erosion, as a people get more exposed to the media, they get exposed to new lifestyles that are practiced elsewhere, they then get influenced by these new practices and in no time, a new culture will have been picked up and life will continue. This will result to the droppin g of one’s culture and a new culture will have taken over. Globalization is the main offspring of culture change and this is usually seen in the adoption of new cultures that are taken up the world over, the life styles of people through out the world have changed drastically due to adoption of new cultures. The ideas of acculturation are driving the world today because nothing in this evolving world will not stand and avoid change. Media, has got a great role that it has played in this, it is seen as a means of bringing the wide world together and therefore contributing to propelling new ideas and advancements the world over, for instance through media, a common music is propelled through out the world, hip hop music for example is attributed to some form of lifestyle, this as has basically played a role in the lives of young people who listen to this form of music. Transformation then will be seen taking place through this music and this brings in a culture that can be take n up around the world. Globalization through the media can be seen as a great influence on the psychological functioning of different individuals, this is solely seen through the issues of identity that engulf different individuals (Glassner 2005). The degree of a peoples open mindedness determines their psychological potentiality to change, this can practically be seen in the adolescents who are open to adventure and exploration and thus, their position guarantees that once exposed to other lifestyles and ideas outside their cultures then they easily take up what they come across. They have a strong attachment to the media and therefore whatever the media feeds them, and if they appear to agree to it, then, that will have been a lifestyle picked and embedded into their lives and this will automatically influence their lives in the years they will live. Thus their role in globalization is evidently significant.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The global culture among the youth is increasingly on the rise (Ott 1989). Most of the blame is directed to the west where most of the influence comes from, the dwindling cultures of other places of the world, especially in the Muslim world is attribute to western cultures where the youth are seen to be copying what they re seeing happen in the west. Most youths the world over have got access to the internet and modern technologies which aid exchange of material in the shortest time, especially with the internet. Moral decadence is seen to have been greatly propelled by the media and internet whereby for instance sexually provoking material is available and can be reached in microseconds (Ott 1989). Premarital sex and early pregnancies are on an alarming increase as traditional set ups as sexual education is seen to be out dated, more especially in Africa where sex education was given during initiation. Unl ike in the past young women are getting career oriented ignoring the traditional position spelled out for them as house keepers and thus gender roles are seen to be changing on an alarming rate whereby everyone is seeking to be economically independent. There then arises the war of supremacy as both genders who seek to be independent (Kramsch 2008), this in conservative cultures is seen to be breaking family set ups especially in Africa and Asia. families are also broken as family members especially from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for employment, these kind of lifestyles can be greatly attributed to the west and they are getting adopted by the rest of the world more especially the third world regions. Identity confusion creeps in when adapting to changes becomes difficult, when the new cultures seem to be too much to take in and adapt, and their own cultures seem to be foreign to their current positions thus not fitting anywhere (Kramsch 2008). This eventually leads to denial of an individual or a society and eventually leading to long term psychological problems that will finally affect their off springs leading to a society being left behind culturally Foreign cultural influences and the media in the long run dictate the society’s life styles (Kramsch 2008), these are the determinants of globalization and there after making the world a common global village where its inhabitants have a common culture and way of living. Of course there will be loss of identity, but the media propels an identity that can be taken up by the current generation and the generations to come. In as much there are the negative effects of media in terms of cultural transformations, if focus is put on its benefit to the generations to come, then loss of cultures will not be an issue to be given much attention (Ott 1989).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultures are eroded by foreign cultural influences including media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore a culture, be it western or even indigenous African, Asian etc cultures, if looked at in a positive way, then there will be no problem as to which culture is superior than the other, and that change is inevitable, they are subject to change and acceptance by the peoples of the world. The media is therefore considered to be having a great influence on culture transformation (Glassner 2005). References Glassner, B. 2005. The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes, Road Rage, So Much More. New York. Basic Books Kramsch, C. 2008. Language and Culture. Oxford. Oxford University Press Ott, S. 1989. The Organizational Culture Perspective. Pacific Grove, CA, Cole Publishing Company

Education fund scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education fund scholarship - Essay Example Also, the learning experience in college itself imparts great experiences. My first source of inspiration and my happiest memories of childhood are associated with my grandfather. He had lived during Depression and told me stories about his childhood. As a parental figure in my life, he was extremely wise and philosophical. He would read me Shakespeare at bedtime when I was 9 years old and also tutor me in mathematics and science when I got older. He climbed out of extreme poverty by educating himself, became successful and lived the American dream. He was an extraordinary person who demonstrated that education could take you places. He died of cancer when I was 14. I was devastated. I have been living on my own since I was 17. I have come to realize how hard it is to get ahead without a college education. A college education is prerequisite for being successful in today's economy. Unfortunately, higher education is also very expensive. I got my first job as a 1-hour photo processor at 16 (during 1990-1993), while I was still in high school and I have held a variety of jobs. I worked at Radio Shack when I lived in Tucson AZ and I attended the university of Arizona and Pima community college (1994-1996). I volunteered on weekends at the Tucson Humane society in 1995. I cleaned cages, aided in the grooming of the animals and processed adoption applications. In high school, while others saved up for a car, I wanted to save up to buy my first computer. I have always loved to fix things electronic and computers as a kid. That's why I think the course at Devry's I am aiming to take, is a dream come true for me. BS in technical engineering (the development of computer hardware) is so aligned to what I wanted to do, that I am very enthused by it. When I dropped out of school (1996) due to a massive personal setback, and moved to San Francisco, I worked as a waiter and spent my spare time tutoring other people about computers. Now that I am more mature (32 yrs old), I realize what a blessing it is to be able to live in a country that has the resources and values higher education. In the past, (1992-96), when I went to community College, I befriended many older adults, who returned to school to better themselves and become more educated. Now as a "returning" college student myself, I look back and realize how courageous they were to return to school. I am more realistic now, able to imbibe more and my experiences in life have instilled a depth in me that aids faster conceptual understanding. Going back to school is going to be exhilarating, especially studying computers. Most of all, education is going to mean independence for me. I started getting unwell around 3 years ago and started receiving SSI about 2 years ago. I have been getting healthier due to the miracles of modern medicine. Since I have been on SSI, I have been relying on others to help me out with my day-to-day expenses. I believe going back to school and completing a degree will help be more independent and fend for myself. ESSAY #2 describes a situation in your life where your determination and/or perseverance have helped you achieve a goal. (600-word max) College can pose financial, academic and cultural challenges for students. Students who are most adept at facing challenges often have the greatest determination to succeed. We want to know about an experience in your life that

Decisions with Group Effort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decisions with Group Effort - Essay Example This office is overcome by what is characterized as "groupthink" meaning that everyone just goes with the flow and doesn't stand up for their opinions or challenge anyone else. They conform and become almost mechanical in their day to day work. This office as previously stated is using group think which is unhealthy and leads to a lower level of productivity. The term "group think" was coined by Irving Janis who felt that "each member of the group attempts to conform his or her opinions to what they believe to be the consensus of the group" (Wikipedia). These employees are not given clear direction; they are just told to come up with ideas and given a timeframe. They have no inspiration to be creative and tend to lean on others and agree much easier. The CEO of this company is also creating group polarization by exaggerating what is happening in the office and making it seem as if his employees are sitting in their chairs all day not being productive. According to changing minds.org if a person makes a statement like the CEO has, "The problem then is that having taken a position you feel obliged to support it, even if you think it actually is a bit extreme" (Changingminds.org). This CEO needs to recognize he is dealing with a human who has feelings and want to be recognized for their achieve

Church Reformation in the 16th and 17th century Essay

Church Reformation in the 16th and 17th century - Essay Example This compromised the respect accorded to papacy2. Since the schism tarnished the reputation of the papacy authority, it needed a resolution that would re-unite the people. Before the schism, the Catholic Church relied on a centralized Roman leadership. This paper will analyze the decrees that resulted from the emergence of the council of Constance. The issues that led to the schism in the Catholic Church included disputes concerning power and jurisdiction concerning matters3. The rise of English and French monarchies affected the papal authority. Things worsened after the election of the Urban the sixth. This happened in Rome and Urban proved to be extremely brutal forcing most of the other clergy to move back to Avignon where papacy had reigned before4. After their return to Avignon, they went ahead to elect a pope of their own bringing about a great controversy5. The Catholic Church devotees had two popes in power exercising control over the church.6 The division that emerged threa tened to challenge the papacy powers. Different countries opted to support one of the two popes. Haec Sancta: Decree of the Council of Constance, 1415 Majority of the people opined that a council had the capacity to solve the controversy that was proving a threat to the unity of the church7. Although both popes portrayed reluctance to call upon the help of the council in solving the matter, a council came into place to propose solutions for the problem that was prevailing in the Catholic Church. The decree ‘haec Sancta’ declared by the council changed the entire picture of the competition that had resulted from different individuals claiming to have papal authority. The council of Constance was acting as one of the ecumenical councils that had existed in the past of the Catholic Church8. The council introduced the conciliar ideology that was to give rise to additional controversies in the future. The conciliar ideology was of the standing that the councils of the Cathol ic Church held a supreme position. This implied that no clergy was above the council. The pope had a responsibility of recognizing the authority of the council and obeying it. Therefore, the council of Constance made it clear that it held the exquisite authority to resolve the schism that the church was facing9. In accordance, the council disregarded the authority of the competing popes that had resulted from the schism. The council held the reasoning that electing a different individual altogether would restore the unity that had once existed in the church. In addition, the council sought to restore the centrality of power that had existed in papacy. In the decree, the council made it clear that the constitution of t he council was part of the Holy Spirit’s doing. In addition, the council claimed that it had power directed to them from Christ himself. The council then expressed its expectation for every individual regardless of state and dignity to accept the solution it had designed to resolve the schism that prevailed. In addition, the council instituted a second decree concerning the future activities of the council. From 1415 to 1417, the council held sessions that led to critical decisions. The council that was headed by Sigismund as the emperor10. It exercised supremacy in all its decisions, expecting nobody to raise the question of discontent11. The council appointed a new pope, Martin the fifth, restoring the papal authority to Rome12. Council of Constance: Frequens, 1417

An Overview Of Victim Support Criminology Essay

An Overview Of Victim Support Criminology Essay Victim Support is the oldest victim organisation with more than 35 years of experience and also the largest worldwide. There three aims are simply to support, help cope with crime and give any sort of information to victims (Marshall, 1999). They have many charity and witness service companies within them. There are many ways in which these programmes process. It can be a victim-offender mediation process, in which the mediators discuss the crime, the aftermath and the next steps towards making things right. Conferencing meeting is the same as the victim-offender mediation except that this meeting involves the family members and community representatives as well. Victim-offender panels take place with other victims and offenders with similar crime situations and the victim assistance support victims as they go through the criminal justice process and help them recover (Marshall, 1999). National Association of the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO) is one of the most growing charities in the United Kingdom. NACRO trains up to 10,000 learners, helps approximately 20,000 people who call to enquire, assist 10,000 prisoners and work with 11,000 young people. They have about 1000 programmes which work with youths, present and ex-offenders, homeless people and many other disadvantaged groups. NACROs vision is a safer society where everyone belongs, human rights are respected and preventing crime means tackling social exclusion and re-integrating those who offend (NACRO, 1997). This charity program helps find positive alternatives to crime and reduce crime by changing lives. As well as these processes there are many other processes of restorative justice. All provide opportunities for the parties to meet, discuss what happened, the impact it had and what should take place in the future. A mediator prepares the meetings and helps both parties communicate with one an other, but the end solution is made by them only. All of these supporting mediations end with an agreement on how the offender will make amends for the harm they have caused by the crime (Marshall, 1999). In this process, four types of reparation are agreed upon. They are apology, restitution, changed behaviour and generosity. Apologies can be verbal or written. Acknowledgment, affect and vulnerability are three main parts which take place while apologising. The offending acknowledges the fact that he has committed a crime and takes responsibility for it. He also needs to accept he has caused harm to the victim and that the certain individual did not deserve to be hurt (Marshall, 1999). The offender expresses his deep feelings through words or body language and only when he feels regret or guilt will this process be effective. If the offender does feel regret, this could possibly repair and make a victim feel like a whole new person. This is not always possible as the offender may n ot be able to communicate properly even if they are feeling responsible for what has taken place (Marshall, 1999). Finally, vulnerability is in relation with both the offender and victim. The offender commits a crime because he or she has a control over the victim, but when apologising the control gets passes on to the victim. The victim has a choice to whether or not to accept the apology. Before the offender apologises, they have no idea what action the victim will take, so the offender apologizes and gives the power and control to the victim. Apology is one of the four types of reparation. The second type is restitution. Restitution is a sum of money or any other type of compensation for the damage that has been caused by the crime (Marshall, 1999). This can repair the victims damage and can be a method of holding the offender liable for the offence they have done. This is not only ordered by restorative justice mediators but also can be given by a judge. Another way to make an a mendment for the harm they have caused it to show their behaviour will change and they will not commit crimes. Some of the things which are negotiated are the change of environment, peers, and sometimes even schools. They learn new behaviours by using different types of programmes such as anger management classes, educational or drug-treatment programmes. Follow up meetings are scheduled to see the progress of change. Generosity is the last type of reparation where an offender can choose to agree upon. Its a way of showing they are deeply sorry. They agree to community service of any type chosen by the victim (Marshall, 1999). Theories of Restorative Justice There have been many criminological theories that have tried to connect with restorative justice. In 1985, Howard Zehr was the first writer to combine a theory with restorative justice in his book Changing Lenses (Zehr, 1990). He talked about all the advantages victims could receive by this justice system and also what offenders can achieve by accepting responsibility. There were many limitations of this theory as it spoke much about the private problems of the victims and offenders. Nonetheless, Zehrs work was very influential; many other theorists took his ideas and expanded. The main theory which had an impact on restorative justice was Re-integrating Shaming Theory. According to John Braithwaite, this theory summarises Crimes best controlled when members of the community are the primary controllers through active participation in shaming offenders, and, having shamed them, through concerted participation in ways of reintegrating the offender back into the community of law abiding citizens. Low crime societies are societies where communities prefer to handle their own crime problems rather than hand them over to professionals (Braithwaite, 1989). Braithwaite believes shame and punishment can be mainly achieved from the family. Family life helps us maintain relationships and teaches us to respect everyone. According to Bazemore (2007) re-integrative shaming theory does not include victim interests and justices issues which are the main components of restorative justice as a whole. Another theory which was linked to restorative justice was Matzas theory of neutralisation is (Mackay, 1998 cited in Newburn). Matza believes that one of the main reasons why offenders kept on re-offending was due to the positive image they had about what they did. Their actions need to be dismissed and told what is right and wrong. Many offenders responses are he deserved it, they can afford it, or they asked for it. Meeting with the victim makes it hard for the offender and makes them realise the harm they have caused but Marshall argues that no other criminological or justice theory can be held to underpin Restorative Justice (Marshall cited in Newburn, 2009) but some theories can associate with the different steps of Restorative Justice. Restorative Justice vs. Criminal Justice Restorative Justice differs from the contemporary criminal justice system in several ways. The key characteristics of a retributive justice are; that it views the offence against the state, keeps the victim and offender separate, accepting responsibility is not pushed, the harm caused by the offender is given back to him as revenge, focuses more on offender and victims being ignored; offender has no say in decision, offenders relationship with community are weak, the relationship between the offender and victim are not focused on, and forgiveness is not mentioned (Leung, 1999). The outcome of this is a win-lose situation, it does not offer much to our criminal justice system. For a short period of time, it might satisfy some purposes of sentencing. It does not pay much attention to reparation, rehabilitation is left as a last option, clearly shows it has not helped reduce crime by sending the offenders to prison, but the criminal justice system has fulfilled two purposes, which is pu nishing the offender itself, and protecting the public for the time being. On the other hand, the key characteristics of a restorative justice are that it views the offence against the victim and community; victims are allowed to speak up and meet the offender, encouraging responsibility, the victims needs are most essential, offender is asked to solve the problem, focuses on re-integration, and forgiveness is encouraged (Leung, 1999). At the end there is win-win result. Restitution assigns a value to the material losses suffered by the victim and requires that the wrongdoer balance the scale by paying that amount to the sufferer. Restoration, on the other hand, looks beyond the material harm to non-material disruptions, such as the loss of a sense of security or the loss of trust (Leung, 1999). Also, restitution thinks about the damage done to the victim but does not give them a chance to say how they feel by this situation. In contrast, restorative justice tries to tackle the needs of the not only the victim, but also the offender, family members, the community, and others affected by the offence (Leung, 1999). Overall, restorative justice goes beyond the fact that a law was broken, and distinguishes the harm caused by offenders to victims and communities. Giving the situation into the government does not help in any way, all parties related to the crime needed to be included as well. Both systems measure success differently. One measures it by how much punishment is given to the offender and the other measure it by how much harm is fixed. Criticisms and Limitations of Restorative Justice Nothing is perfect, everyone has flaws and weaknesses. One of the major drawbacks of restorative justice is that the system mainly relies on the co-operation of the three parties. If either of them, do not co-operate the aim of this system cannot be achieved. Due to this, the system can be a complete failure. Another limitation which takes place is that is seems to only be applicable to minor offences. Allison Morris lists three criticisms of restorative justice (Morris cited in Newburn, 2009). She believes that restorative justice erodes legal rights as in failing to protect the offenders rights. The second criticism, not only Morris but many other major critics believe that restorative justice does not succeed in making a real change and reducing crime. Thirdly and lastly, restorative justice can cause discrimination issues while the process is taking place but this mainly depends on the location. Not only Morris but many other people have criticised restorative justice. Some other limitations which have been identified are that there is no agreed definition, a sincere apology from an offender is hard to achieve, and restorative justice sometimes lives in a dreamland, it assumes that the victim can openly speak to the offender in a kind manner. This can weaken the process majorly. Many theorists believe both systems should combine their aims and ideas together, so our criminal justice system can perform better and satisfy the purposes of sentencing. Conclusion Punishment as imprisonment should be used only for dangerous offenders. This will not only make it easier for the government, but also reduce the cost and time put into prisons, which can be useful for other developments for offenders and victims. The public is not fully satisfied with the criminal justice system, it seems as they have failed in achieving the goals of fairness between the offender and victim and also by protecting the public. Restorative justice pays attention to victims needs. It ensures the victim questions have been answered and they feel happily secure. Restorative justice help offenders take responsibility and make them understand the harm they have caused. Offenders are forced to feel guilt and shame, therefore this prevents them from committing future crime. By this the community accepts the offender back and helps him/her reintegrate back into society. This process can take place in many settings such as conferencing circles or offender-victim meetings. Every person harmed by a conflict should have the opportunity to resolve it through a restorative justice (Restorative Justice Consortium, 2002). Restorative justice is not perfect but it does offer a positive approach to this world which our current criminal justice system does not. It has shown to reduce crimes within youths in schools and even adults with domestic violence and stealing problems. Many countries have taken this seriously and amended many laws. Restorative justice assures to better social justice to victims, a secure community to all and to reform the offender which will help reduce the number of future crimes. Punishment of offender, the reduction of crime, rehabilitation of offenders, the protection of the public and reparation by offenders are the five main purposes of sentencing. Restorative justice argues they can satisfy these purposes, but for this to be proven, restorative justice needs a chance. The goal of reintegrating offenders into the law-abiding community has a better chance of being achieved if both systems are employed, in a coordinated programme, rather than if we reply upon one to the exclusion of the other (Hirsch, Ashworth Roberts, 2009). A fair and just response can only be determined by these two systems. Restorative justice has many advantages and claims to satisfy the purposes of sentencing hence its weaknesses. It needs to be practised more and the systems need to work together so justice can be determined.

Comparing A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Farewell to Arms & The Sun Also Rises "After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain" (332). This last line of the novel gives an understanding of Ernest Hemingway's style and tone. The overall tone of the book is much different than that of The Sun Also Rises. The characters in the book are propelled by outside forces, in this case WWI, where the characters in The Sun Also Rises seemed to have no direction. Frederick's actions are determined by his position until he deserts the army. Floating down the river with barely a hold on a piece of wood his life, he abandons everything except Catherine and lets the river take him to a new life that becomes increasing difficult to understand. Nevertheless, Hemingway's style and tone make A Farewell to Arms one of the great American novels. Critics usually describe Hemingway's style as simple, spare, and journalistic. These are all good words they all apply. Perhaps because of his training as a newspaperman, Hemingway is a master of the de clarative, subject-verb-object sentence. His writing has been likened to a boxer's punches--combinations of lefts and rights coming at us without pause. As illustrated on page 145 "She went down the hall. The porter carried the sack. He knew what was in it," one can see that Hemingway's style is to-the-point and easy to understand. The simplicity and the sensory richness flow directly from Hemingway's and his characters' beliefs. The punchy, vivid language has the immediacy of a news bulletin: these are facts, Hemingway is telling us, and they can't be ignored. And just as Frederic Henry comes to distrust abstractions like "patriotism," so does Hemingway distrust them. Instead he seeks the concrete and the tangible. A simple "good" becomes higher praise than another writer's string of decorative adjectives. Hemingway's style changes, too, when it reflects his characters' changing states of mind. Writing from Frederic Henry's point of view, he sometimes uses a modified stream-of-cons ciousness technique, a method for spilling out on paper the inner thoughts of a character. Usually Henry's thoughts are choppy, staccato, but when he becomes drunk the language does too, as in the passage on page 13, "I had gone to no such place but to the smoke of cafes and nights when the room whirled and you